Everything about Coconut Oil totally explained
Coconut oil, also known as coconut butter, is a tropical oil with many applications. It is extracted from
copra (derived from
Tamil word "koparai" which means dried
coconut). Coconut oil constitutes seven percent of the total export income of the
Philippines, the world's largest exporter of the product.
Coconut oil was developed as a commercial product by merchants in the South Seas and South Asia in the 1860s.
Physical properties
Coconut oil is a
fat consisting of about 90%
saturated fat. The oil contains predominantly
medium chain triglycerides, with roughly 92% saturated fatty acids, 6% monounsaturated fatty acids, and 2% polyunsaturated fatty acids. Of the saturated fatty acids, coconut oil is primarily 44.6%
lauric acid, 16.8%
myristic acid a 8.2%
palmitic acid and 8%
caprylic acid, although it contains seven different saturated fatty acids in total. Its only monounsaturated fatty acid is
oleic acid while its only polyunsaturated fatty acid is
linoleic acid.
Unrefined coconut oil melts at 24-25°C (76°F) and smokes at 170°C (350°F), while refined coconut oil has a higher
smoke point of 232°C (450°F).
Among the most stable of all oils, coconut oil is slow to oxidize and thus resistant to
rancidity, lasting up to two years due to its high saturated fat content. In order to extend shelf life, it's best stored in solid form (for example below 24.5°C [76°F]).
Health effects
Heart Disease
Medical science has determined that consumption of
saturated fats can increase the risk of developing
cardiovascular disease. Since coconut oil contains a high proportion of saturated fats, regular consumption of coconut oil is believed to elevate this risk.
However, a 2004 study published in the journal
Clinical Biochemistry found that
virgin coconut oil reduced the
LDL cholesterol associated with cardiovascular disease, while raising beneficial
HDL levels.
An
epidemiological study in the
American Journal of Clinical Nutrition examined two indigenous populations whose food energy intake was 63% and 34% derived from coconuts respectively, and found no elevated risk of
cardiovascular disease. Iconoclastic nutritionist Dr.
Mary G. Enig recommends coconut oil, as did recently deceased Dr. Conrado Dayrit, who published a book on the benefits of coconut and organized a study which found that virgin coconut oil had a positive effect on HIV/AIDS patients.
Other studies have found that coconut oil can help in weight loss and poison recovery.
Antimicrobial effects
A study conducted at University College Hospital in Ibadan, Nigeria published in the
Journal of Medicinal Food found that coconut oil was effective in killing some strains of
Candida, which cause the condition
candidiasis in humans. The authors recommended that coconut oil be used in the treatment of fungal infections.
Types of oil available
Virgin coconut oil
Virgin coconut oil is derived from fresh coconuts (rather than dried, as in
copra). Most oils marketed as "virgin" are produced one of three ways:
- Quick drying of fresh coconut meat which is then used to press out the oil.
- Wet-milling (coconut milk). With this method the oil is extracted from fresh coconut meat without drying first. "Coconut milk" is expressed first by pressing. The oil is then further separated from the water. Methods which can be used to separate the oil from the water include boiling, fermentation, refrigeration, enzymes and mechanical centrifuge.
- Wet-milling (direct micro expelling). In this process, the oil is extracted from fresh coconut meat after the adjustment of the water content, then the pressing of the coconut flesh results in the direct extraction of free-flowing oil.
Unlike olive oil, there's no world or governing body that sets a standard definition or set of guidelines to classify coconut oil as "virgin". The Philippines has established a Department of Science and Technology (DOST) governmental standard.
Refined oil
Refined coconut oil is referred to in the coconut industry as RBD (refined, bleached, and deodorized) coconut oil. The starting point is "copra", the dried coconut meat. Copra can be made by smoke drying, sun drying, or kiln drying. The unrefined coconut oil extracted from copra (called "crude coconut oil") isn't suitable for consumption and must be refined.
Hydrogenated oil
Coconut oil is often partially or fully hydrogenated to increase their melting point in warmer temperatures. This increases the amount of saturated fat present in the oil, and may produce
trans fats.
Fractionated oil
"Fractionated coconut oil" is a fraction of the whole oil, in which most of the long-chain triglycerides are removed so that only saturated fats remain. It may also referred to as "caprylic/capric triglyceride" or medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) oil because mostly the medium-chain triglycerides
caprylic and
capric acid are left in the oil.
Because it's completely saturated, fractionated oil is even more heat stable than other forms of coconut oil and has a nearly indefinite shelf life.
Applications
Cooking
Coconut oil is commonly used in cooking, especially when frying. In communities where coconut oil is widely used in cooking, the refined oil is the one most commonly used. Coconut oil is commonly used to flavor many South Asian curries.
Manufacturing
Coconut oil is used in volume quantities for making margarine, soap and cosmetics.
Hydrogenated or partially-hydrogenated coconut oil is often used in
non-dairy creamers, and snack foods.
Fractionated coconut oil is also used in the manufacture of
essences,
massage oils and
cosmetics
Coconut oil is an important component of many industrial lubricants, for example in the cold rolling of steel strip.
Cosmetics and skin treatments
Coconut oil is excellent as a skin
moisturizer and softener. A study shows that extra virgin coconut oil is as effective and safe as mineral oil when used as a moisturizer, with absence of adverse reactions. Although not suitable for use with condoms, coconut oil is an excellent, inexpensive lubricant for sexual intercourse, though it may cause an
allergic reaction.
In
India and
Sri Lanka, coconut oil is commonly used for styling hair, and cooling or soothing the head. People of
Tamil Nadu and other coastal areas such as
Kerala,
Karnataka,
Maharashtra and
Goa bathe in warm water after applying coconut oil all over the body and leaving it as is for an hour to keep body, skin, and hair healthy.
As a fuel
Traditional use
Coconut oil is used in oil lamps.
In diesel engines
Coconut oil has been tested for use as a feedstock for
biodiesel to be used as a
diesel engine fuel. In this manner it can be applied to power
generators and transport using diesel engines.
Coconut oil is blended to make biodiesel but can also be used straight, without blending. B100 biodiesel blends are only possible in temperate climates as the gel point is approximately 10C (50 degrees Fahrenheit). The oil needs to meet the Weihenstephan standard for pure vegetable oil used as a fuel since otherwise moderate to severe damage from coking and clogging will occur in an unmodified engine . Stationary engines that are continuously loaded (>70%) may possibly be used without engine modifications but there's divergent opinion about this.
The physical constraints of using raw coconut oil in a diesel engine are formed by:
higher viscosity of coconut oil (up to 10 times as high as diesel), leading to altered spray pattern of injected fuel, additional stress on injection pump
minimum combustion chamber temperature of to avoid polymerization of the fuel, leading to clogged injectors, sticking piston rings and lubrication oil deterioration
solidification point between 22-25 °C requires an additional fuel tank heater in temperate climates.
Raw coconut oil can be used as a fuel for generating electricity by remote communities that have an abundant supply of coconuts and milling capacity, provided diesel engines are adapted.
Coconut oil is currently used as a fuel for transport in the Philippines. Further research into the oil's potential as a source of electricity is being carried out in the islands of the Pacific.
In the 1990s Bougainville conflict, islanders cut off from supplies due to a blockade used it to fuel their vehicles.
Aircraft Fuel
During February 2008, a mixture of coconut oil and babassu oil was used to partially power one engine of a Boeing 747, in a biofuel trial sponsored by Virgin Atlantic.
Philippines
On January 16, 2008, a company converted coconut oil into engine oil using Korean biotechnology. Rey Mangio, managing director of the Chun Hae Food Processor in Matina Pangi, Davao City, Philippines unveiled the S-9 lubricating motor oil for gasoline and diesel engine: "Since 2005, more than 400 vehicles, both diesel and gasoline fueled, have tested the product at a blended rate of 20 percent of crankcase capacity; chemical analyses show that the product reduces fuel consumption up to 45 percent, it also reduces smoke emission up to 95 percent, it has more power and it has cooler engine operating temperatures." The company produces 5,000 liters of motor oil per month.
Further Information
Get more info on 'Coconut Oil'.
|
External Link Exchanges
Do you know how hard it is to get a link from a large encyclopaedia? Well we're different and will prove it. To get a link from us just add the following HTML to your site on a relevant page:
<a href="http://coconut_oil.totallyexplained.com">Coconut oil Totally Explained</a>
Then simply click through this link from your web page. Our crawlers will verify your link, extract the title of your web page and instantly add a link back to it. If you like you can remove the words Totally Explained and embed the link in article text.
As long as your link remains in place, we'll keep our link to you right here. Please play fair - our crawlers are watching. Your site must be closely related to this one's topic. Any kind of spamming, dubious practises or removing the link will result in your link from us being dropped and, potentially, your whole site being banned. |
